Why a separate Top 10 for API Security?
OWASP created the Top 10 for API Security Risks separate from the Top 10 for Web Application Security Risks because API security presents unique challenges that differ significantly from traditional web application security. As APIs have become a critical component of modern applications and cloud services, they have exposed new attack surfaces and security risks that needed to be addressed distinctly. Here are the main reasons OWASP chose to differentiate API security from web application security:
1. APIs Have Different Exposure Models
- APIs are more exposed to the internet than traditional web applications. While web applications usually interface with users via browsers and have clear boundaries (such as form inputs or page loads), APIs are machine-to-machine interfaces, often with a large number of endpoints exposed for consumption by various services or users.
- APIs are often publicly accessible or used in open systems where they provide services to multiple clients, making them more susceptible to attacks like enumeration or automation abuse. The exposure of APIs introduces more granular and complex security requirements than traditional web apps.
2. Data and Functionality Granularity
- APIs expose granular functionality and data. In APIs, specific resources, data points, and operations are exposed via endpoints, each of which can have different permissions and access requirements.
- This granularity leads to vulnerabilities such as Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA) and Broken Function Level Authorization, which are specific to APIs. These types of vulnerabilities are less common in traditional web applications, where such granular access to data is often abstracted or handled differently.
3. Authorization and Authentication Complexity
- APIs often handle fine-grained authorization, especially when dealing with multiple clients, user roles, or devices. For example, an API must often verify whether a client has permission to access or modify a specific object, which introduces object-level security risks. These risks are exemplified by the Broken Object Level Authorization issue.
- In contrast, web applications typically manage access control at a more global level (e.g., via session management for an entire user session) and don’t expose the same level of individual data points for access control.
4. Different Attack Surfaces
- APIs have their own distinct attack surfaces, which include issues like rate limiting, resource consumption, and parameter tampering. These types of attacks are often less prevalent in traditional web applications.
- For instance, the OWASP API4: Unrestricted Resource Consumption deals with how APIs can be abused by sending too many requests, leading to DDoS attacks or resource exhaustion. These types of attacks are specific to the nature of API interactions, where client requests can be highly automated and frequent.
5. APIs Often Lack Front-End Protections
- Web applications are protected by browser-based security features like Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) prevention, SameSite cookies, and CSRF tokens, which mitigate common attacks. APIs, however, often lack these front-end protections since they are accessed directly by clients (e.g., mobile apps, other services, IoT devices).
- This makes APIs more vulnerable to certain security issues, such as Broken Authentication, where weak or missing authentication mechanisms allow unauthorized access to resources.
6. Different Usage Contexts and Ecosystems
- APIs are used in more complex ecosystems that include microservices architectures, mobile applications, server-to-server communication, IoT devices, and third-party integrations. Each of these environments introduces its own security challenges and requirements.
- APIs must deal with integration across different platforms and services, and securing the interactions between multiple systems is more complicated than securing a traditional web application, where the interaction is typically limited to a user and a server.
7. Increasing API Usage in Modern Applications
- Modern applications are increasingly API-first or API-driven, meaning that APIs are the primary way users or services interact with the application. Many modern apps (especially mobile apps) rely heavily on APIs for functionality, making API security central to overall application security.
- The explosion in API usage due to cloud services, mobile applications, and microservices has shifted the focus away from traditional monolithic web applications to API-centric architectures, necessitating a dedicated security framework like the OWASP API Security Top 10.
8. APIs are Targeted by Specialized Attacks
- APIs are subject to a unique set of attacks, such as API enumeration, parameter tampering, and mass assignment vulnerabilities, which are less common or not applicable to traditional web apps.
- APIs also face threats like Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) or attacks exploiting GraphQL queries or RESTful design patterns, which are not typically encountered in traditional web apps.
9. API Vulnerabilities Can Be More Impactful
- Due to the nature of APIs, vulnerabilities can lead to massive data breaches since APIs are often responsible for exposing large volumes of sensitive data to clients. When API vulnerabilities are exploited, they can expose far more data compared to traditional web application vulnerabilities.
- The Optus breach, for example, involved an API vulnerability that exposed millions of customer records in a single attack. Similarly, Facebook’s “View As” exploit used an API weakness to expose personal information.
Top 10 API Security Risks and Mitigation
Mitigating the vulnerabilities identified in the OWASP Top 10 for API Security Risks requires a combination of secure development practices, proper access controls, and regular monitoring. Below is an explanation of mitigation strategies for each of the top 10 API security risks.
1. API1:2023 Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA)
Description: BOLA occurs when APIs fail to properly enforce user authorization at the object level, allowing attackers to access or modify data belonging to other users.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Enforce object-level authorization checks: Ensure that the API validates user permissions for each object accessed or modified.
- Use unique user identifiers: Always check if the authenticated user has permission to access the requested resource, using mechanisms like OAuth scopes or custom role-based access control (RBAC).
- Avoid using predictable object IDs: Use unpredictable or opaque IDs (e.g., UUIDs) to prevent attackers from guessing object identifiers and enumerating data.
- Implement proper access control models: Ensure you have strict policies around who can access specific data objects within the API.
2. API2:2023 Broken Authentication
Description: Authentication mechanisms in APIs are often weak, allowing attackers to exploit credential-related vulnerabilities to impersonate users or gain unauthorized access.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Use strong authentication mechanisms: Implement standards like OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, or multi-factor authentication (MFA).
- Enforce secure password policies: Require strong passwords, and implement features like password strength validation and rate limiting for login attempts.
- Use short-lived access tokens: Employ tokens with limited lifetimes (e.g., JWTs) and rotate them regularly.
- Implement monitoring and logging: Track authentication attempts and failed logins to detect and respond to suspicious activity in real-time.
3. API3:2023 Broken Object Property Level Authorization (BOPLA)
Description: APIs often fail to restrict access to specific object properties, exposing sensitive data fields to unauthorized users.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Implement fine-grained authorization: Control access to individual fields within an object, ensuring that only authorized users can access or modify sensitive properties.
- Use output filtering: Filter out sensitive fields from API responses unless explicitly requested and authorized.
- Secure API documentation: Ensure that the API documentation reflects only the intended access patterns, minimizing unnecessary data exposure.
- Apply input validation: Ensure that clients cannot manipulate object properties by submitting unauthorized updates or changes.
4. API4:2023 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
Description: APIs that fail to limit resource consumption can be exploited to overwhelm systems, causing denial of service (DoS) or resource exhaustion.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Implement rate limiting and quotas: Set limits on the number of requests a client can make over a given period and enforce resource quotas for specific operations.
- Throttle heavy operations: Introduce mechanisms to queue and throttle resource-intensive tasks to avoid overwhelming the backend.
- Use caching: Cache results of expensive or repeated API calls to reduce the computational load on the server.
- Monitor resource usage: Continuously monitor API resource consumption patterns to detect anomalies early, such as DoS attacks.
5. API5:2023 Broken Function Level Authorization
Description: This vulnerability occurs when an API exposes functions to unauthorized users due to insufficient function-level access control checks.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Enforce role-based access control (RBAC): Assign and enforce roles based on the function a user or client can perform. Ensure roles are clearly defined and consistently enforced across all API functions.
- Perform function-level authorization checks: Validate that the caller is authorized to invoke a specific function, not just authenticated.
- Use security design principles: Implement the principle of least privilege, ensuring that users have access only to the functions necessary for their role.
6. API6:2023 Unrestricted Access to Sensitive Business Flows
Description: APIs may expose sensitive business processes, such as financial transactions or personal data flows, without adequate restrictions.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Protect sensitive business flows with strong authentication: Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) and session management to ensure that only authorized users can access critical business functions.
- Ensure proper logging and monitoring: Keep logs of all access to sensitive flows, and monitor for unusual or suspicious behavior.
- Implement security measures around high-risk flows: Use mechanisms such as additional verification steps for critical operations, including encryption for data transmitted via these flows.
7. API7:2023 Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Description: SSRF occurs when an attacker manipulates the API into making requests to unintended locations, such as internal services, to exfiltrate data or compromise the backend.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Validate URLs and input parameters: Validate and sanitize all URLs and parameters passed to the API to prevent attackers from injecting malicious requests.
- Restrict outgoing requests: Limit the destinations to which your API can make requests (e.g., only allow trusted or whitelisted domains).
- Use network segmentation: Isolate internal services so that external APIs cannot access sensitive internal resources unless necessary.
- Apply metadata filtering: Block access to server metadata endpoints (e.g., cloud instance metadata) to prevent SSRF exploitation.
8. API8:2023 Security Misconfiguration
Description: Security misconfigurations such as exposed endpoints, insufficient logging, or misconfigured access controls can leave APIs vulnerable to attacks.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Harden API configuration: Follow security best practices when configuring servers and APIs, such as using secure defaults, disabling unnecessary features, and ensuring access controls are correctly configured.
- Regularly audit and test APIs: Conduct penetration tests, security audits, and code reviews to detect and address misconfigurations.
- Automate configuration management: Use infrastructure-as-code (IaC) tools to standardize and automate the deployment of secure API configurations.
9. API9:2023 Improper Inventory Management
Description: Failing to track and manage API versions, endpoints, or third-party APIs can lead to unpatched vulnerabilities or exposure of outdated APIs.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Maintain an API inventory: Track all API endpoints, versions, and consumers to ensure that each is properly managed and secured.
- Decommission outdated APIs: Regularly remove or disable obsolete APIs to prevent attackers from exploiting older, less secure versions.
- Implement automated API discovery tools: Use tools to automatically detect and document new API endpoints or changes to existing APIs.
10. API10:2023 Unsafe Consumption of APIs
Description: Consuming unsafe third-party APIs without properly vetting them for security issues can introduce vulnerabilities into your system.
Mitigation Strategies:
- Vet third-party APIs: Conduct security assessments on third-party APIs before integrating them into your system. Check for security certifications, compliance, and known vulnerabilities.
- Use secure API gateways: Proxy external API requests through a secure API gateway to enforce policies such as authentication, rate limiting, and validation.
- Validate API responses: Ensure that data returned from third-party APIs is validated and sanitized before being processed or stored by your system.
- Monitor third-party APIs: Keep an eye on the security status of third-party APIs you consume and apply updates or patches when security issues arise.
General Best Practices for API Security:
- Implement security in every stage of development: Incorporate security testing, such as static code analysis and penetration testing, during the development lifecycle.
- Use encryption: Protect data in transit by enforcing TLS for all API communications and encrypt sensitive data at rest.
- Keep API documentation secure: Limit access to API documentation to authorized developers, and ensure the documentation does not expose sensitive implementation details.
- Monitor and log API activity: Enable comprehensive logging and monitoring to detect suspicious activity, unauthorized access, or abuse of your APIs in real time.
By following these mitigation strategies, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of API security vulnerabilities and protect their systems from exploitation.
Conclusion
The OWASP Top 10 for API Security Risks was created separately from the Top 10 for Web Application Security Risks to address the unique risks posed by APIs. These risks include granular authorization controls, exposure of sensitive data, resource management issues, and the complex ecosystem in which APIs operate. As APIs are now critical to modern application development, securing them requires a different focus, which OWASP recognized by developing a specialized framework for API security.
Reference: https://owasp.org/www-project-api-security/